Files
Going-Commando/crates/gc-formats/src/tie.rs
T
ReaperOfVeriodandreaper 8030dbf006 close: tie LOD distance ordering exceptions - 80/1864 classes have mid=8192 far=8190
Tie class headers ordered near < mid < far on most classes. Measured over all
1,864 classes on all 27 levels, 80 are out of order and they are exact: every
one carries mid_dist == 8192.0 and far_dist == 8190.0, so far < mid and
lod_for_depth can never return 2 (the far test runs only after mid). Added a
golden test asserting the exact pattern, and updated the tie format doc.

Co-authored-by: reaper <reaper@users.noreply.github.com>
2026-10-14 02:19:07 +02:00

599 lines
25 KiB
Rust

//! Tie: instanced static props -- the environment sitting on the terrain.
//!
//! Spec: `docs/formats/tie.md`.
//!
//! A *class* is one prop shape (a crate, a pipe run, a railing); *instances*
//! place copies of it in the level. The class tables live in the core index and
//! the geometry sits in `core_data`, addressed by byte offset.
//!
//! # What is decoded here, and what is not
//!
//! The reference's class header is 0x80 bytes. RAC2 agrees with it only over
//! the first `0x48`: the per-LOD packet offsets, the three LOD distances and
//! `o_class` all check out on every class on every level. From `0x48` on, the
//! RAC1 fields do **not** describe RAC2 data -- `lod_info` reads back as noise,
//! and `packet_count` and `texture_count` are zero on every class examined.
//!
//! So this module decodes the part that is verified and stops there. Guessing
//! the remainder would repeat the pattern this project keeps running into: a
//! field order that produces plausible output and is wrong.
//!
//! Evidence for what is decoded, over 1,864 classes on all 27 levels:
//!
//! * `o_class` at `0x44` equals the core index's class number: **1,864 of 1,864**.
//! A coincidence is not a plausible explanation for that.
//! * the LOD distances are ordered `0 < near < mid < far` on most classes, but
//! **80 of 1,864** break it in an exact pattern: `mid_dist` is exactly
//! `8192.0` and `far_dist` is exactly `8190.0` in every one. Those classes
//! have `far < mid`, so `lod_for_depth` can never return 2 (the `far` test is
//! reached only after the `mid` test). Effectively two LOD tiers, not three.
//! See `docs/plan/level-assets.md` for the test.
use crate::buf::{Buf, Error, ErrorKind, Result};
use crate::level_core::ClassEntry;
/// Bytes of a tie class header that RAC2 and RAC1 agree on.
pub const TIE_CLASS_HEADER_MATCHED: usize = 0x48;
/// Value `TieClassHeader::packets[0]` takes on every one of the 1,864 classes.
///
/// It is a constant, not a block offset: the other two `packets` words vary
/// widely and land at different addresses in `core_data` on every class, while
/// this one is 256 everywhere. Read as an offset it would name a point just
/// past the header, which is exactly the kind of field that gets mistaken for
/// a pointer.
pub const TIE_PACKETS0: i32 = 256;
/// A tie class header, decoded as far as the two games agree.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub struct TieClassHeader {
/// `0x00`: packet data offsets for LOD 0 (highest detail), 1 and 2.
///
/// [`TIE_PACKETS0`] is constant across all 1,864 classes and is reported
/// separately. `packets[1]` and `packets[2]` are the LOD block offsets,
/// **signed**, relative to the class header: **zero means that class has no
/// block at that LOD**, which is 1,551 of the 3,728 slots; the other 2,177
/// point at a [`TieBlock`].
///
/// They are strictly increasing on only 461 of 1,864 classes, so neither one
/// bounds the other -- the `0xf6` terminator does that instead.
pub packets: [i32; 3],
/// `0x0c`: the record table's length of each LOD, as three `u8` counts
/// followed by one unidentified byte.
///
/// The word was read as R&C1's 64-light-slot *normals offset* and skipped,
/// which was the right thing to do with the wrong information: the byte at
/// `+0x0c` is not an offset at all. It is the **record count of the LOD 0
/// block**, `+0x0d` of LOD 1, `+0x0e` of LOD 2, verified on **1,864 of
/// 1,864** classes on all 27 levels. R&C1 carries the same quadruple at
/// `+0x20`; R&C2 has it here.
///
/// `+0x0f` is not the shader (ad-gif) total, which disagrees on 1,827 of
/// the classes measured; it is left unnamed rather than guessed at.
pub packet_counts: [u8; 3],
/// `0x0f`: unidentified. Not the shader total.
pub unknown_0f: u8,
/// `0x10`, `0x14`, `0x18`: LOD switch distances in world units.
pub near_dist: f32,
pub mid_dist: f32,
pub far_dist: f32,
/// `0x44`: the class's own number.
///
/// Matches the core index's `o_class` for the class, which is what makes
/// the header base trustworthy.
pub o_class: i32,
}
impl TieClassHeader {
/// Parse the agreed-on prefix. Needs `TIE_CLASS_HEADER_MATCHED` bytes.
pub fn parse(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<TieClassHeader> {
let mut b = Buf::new(bytes);
let mut packets = [0i32; 3];
for slot in packets.iter_mut() {
*slot = b.i32("tie packet offset")?;
}
// 0x0c: the three LOD record counts and one unidentified byte.
let packet_counts = [
b.u8("tie LOD0 record count")?,
b.u8("tie LOD1 record count")?,
b.u8("tie LOD2 record count")?,
];
let unknown_0f = b.u8("tie class word 0x0f")?;
let near_dist = b.f32("tie near distance")?;
let mid_dist = b.f32("tie mid distance")?;
let far_dist = b.f32("tie far distance")?;
// 0x1c..0x44: the word TieProc reuses as a per-frame counter, the LOD
// packet counts, the texture count, ad-gifs, the bounding sphere and
// the class scale. None of it matches RAC2 yet.
b.skip(0x44 - 0x1c, "tie class fields not decoded yet")?;
let o_class = b.i32("tie class number")?;
Ok(TieClassHeader {
packets,
packet_counts,
unknown_0f,
near_dist,
mid_dist,
far_dist,
o_class,
})
}
/// The LOD this class draws at a view depth, or `None` past its far
/// distance.
pub fn lod_for_depth(&self, depth: f32) -> Option<usize> {
if depth < self.near_dist {
Some(0)
} else if depth < self.mid_dist {
Some(1)
} else if depth < self.far_dist {
Some(2)
} else {
None
}
}
}
/// Size of a tie LOD block's own header.
pub const TIE_BLOCK_HEADER_SIZE: usize = 0x10;
/// The four most common values of [`TieBlockHeader::packed_texture`].
///
/// Low byte 1-4, high byte 5/10/15/20, so the word is two small fields rather
/// than a magnitude. These are the *only* values the slot takes: 0x501 on 1,069
/// blocks, 0xa02 on 720, 0xf03 on 350, 0x1404 on 38.
pub const TIE_PACKED_TEXTURE_VALUES: [u16; 4] = [0x0501, 0x0a02, 0x0f03, 0x1404];
/// A tie LOD block's fixed 16-byte header.
///
/// Every figure here is measured over the **922** blocks where "the next
/// `packets` offset ends this block" holds, across all 27 levels. The other
/// 1,403 classes are unmeasured, not measured-and-different.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TieBlockHeader {
/// `+0x00`: the byte offset from the start of the block to the vertex
/// data -- that is, the length of the record table that follows this
/// header. A multiple of 16 on all 2,177 blocks (42 distinct values, never
/// zero), because the table holds 16-byte records: one block with this
/// word at 0x10 has one record, one at 0x50 has five.
///
/// This was read as an element *count* for a while, and the reading failed
/// in a way worth recording: the block's payload length divided by it is a
/// whole number on 0 of 922 blocks, at any record size and any header up
/// to 512 bytes. A count of what is in the payload was never going to fit,
/// because the word is not about the payload -- it is where the payload
/// starts.
///
/// Confirmed against the running game: each record's leading word is
/// relocated at load to `table_address + word`, and the table's length is
/// this word, on every block checked in RAM (16 of 16 on level 1).
pub data_offset: u16,
/// `+0x02`: zero on all 2,177 blocks.
pub reserved_02: u16,
/// `+0x04`: one of exactly [`TIE_PACKED_TEXTURE_VALUES`] on all 2,177 blocks.
pub packed_texture: u16,
/// `+0x06`: 16 distinct values, never zero.
pub field_06: u16,
/// `+0x08`: 180 distinct values, never zero.
pub field_08: u16,
/// `+0x0a`: 61 distinct values, never zero.
pub field_0a: u16,
/// `+0x0c`: 125 distinct values, never zero, clustered at 0x043f to 0x0443
/// (~1,087 to 1,091). **Not** the payload length: the difference against the
/// true length scatters from -12 to -172.
pub field_0c: u16,
/// `+0x0e`: 11 distinct values, zero on 2,162 of 2,177 -- the only field
/// here that is not universal.
pub reserved_0e: u16,
}
impl TieBlockHeader {
/// Parse the block header, bounds-checked against `block`.
pub fn parse(block: &[u8]) -> Result<Self> {
let mut b = Buf::new(block);
Ok(Self {
data_offset: b.u16("tie block data offset")?,
reserved_02: b.u16("tie block reserved")?,
packed_texture: b.u16("tie block packed texture")?,
field_06: b.u16("tie block field_06")?,
field_08: b.u16("tie block field_08")?,
field_0a: b.u16("tie block field_0a")?,
field_0c: b.u16("tie block field_0c")?,
reserved_0e: b.u16("tie block reserved_0e")?,
})
}
/// True when every invariant measured across all 27 levels holds.
///
/// Only the two that are universal: the data offset is a non-zero multiple
/// of 16 and `reserved_02` is zero, both on all 2,177 blocks.
pub fn invariants_hold(&self) -> bool {
self.data_offset % 16 == 0 && self.data_offset != 0 && self.reserved_02 == 0
}
/// The number of 16-byte records in this block's table.
pub fn record_count(&self) -> usize {
self.data_offset as usize / TIE_RECORD_SIZE
}
/// The block's records, as byte slices of [`TIE_RECORD_SIZE`].
///
/// Bounds-checked against `block`, which is the block starting at its
/// header. **The header is the first record**: the table runs from the
/// block start to `data_offset`, so a block with `data_offset == 0x50`
/// holds five records, the first of which is the header itself and whose
/// pointer names where the payload begins. A header whose table runs past
/// the block yields nothing rather than a short slice.
pub fn records<'b>(&self, block: &'b [u8]) -> impl Iterator<Item = &'b [u8]> + 'b {
block
.get(..self.record_count() * TIE_RECORD_SIZE)
.unwrap_or(&[])
.chunks_exact(TIE_RECORD_SIZE)
}
}
/// One 16-byte tie block record.
///
/// A block is a table of these, followed by the vertex payload at
/// [`TieBlockHeader::data_offset`]. The shape is R&C1's `TiePacketHeader`
/// offset for offset, and R&C1's invariants hold -- see [`TieRecord`].
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TieRecord {
/// The record's leading word: a pointer **relative to the start of the
/// record table**, relocating at load to `table_address + pointer`.
///
/// Confirmed on every block checked in PCSX2's RAM: the word becomes
/// `table + word` with the other twelve bytes untouched.
pub pointer: u32,
/// `+0x04`: AD-GIF (material) blocks this packet references; 1..4 on disc.
pub shader_count: u8,
/// `+0x05`: quadwords of ad-gif data. Equals `5 * shader_count`.
pub bfc_distance: u8,
/// `+0x06`: 4..18 on disc.
pub control_count: u8,
/// `+0x07`: 1..5 on disc, never above `control_count`.
pub control_size: u8,
/// `+0x08`: 3..7 on disc, never above `vert_size`.
pub vert_ofs: u8,
/// `+0x09`: 4..60 on disc.
pub vert_size: u8,
/// `+0x0a`: equals `vert_size` on every record measured.
pub color_ofs: u8,
/// `+0x0b`: zero on every record measured.
pub color_count: u8,
/// `+0x0c`: 7..67 on disc, never below `scissor_size`.
pub scissor_ofs: u8,
/// `+0x0d`: 1..5 on disc.
pub scissor_size: u8,
/// `+0x0e`: zero on every record measured.
pub strip_count: u8,
/// `+0x0f`: zero on every record measured.
pub strip_vertex_count: u8,
}
impl TieRecord {
/// Parse one 16-byte record.
pub fn parse(bytes: &[u8]) -> Result<TieRecord> {
let mut b = Buf::new(bytes);
Ok(TieRecord {
pointer: b.u32("tie packet data offset")?,
shader_count: b.u8("tie packet shader count")?,
bfc_distance: b.u8("tie packet bfc distance")?,
control_count: b.u8("tie packet control count")?,
control_size: b.u8("tie packet control size")?,
vert_ofs: b.u8("tie packet vertex offset")?,
vert_size: b.u8("tie packet vertex size")?,
color_ofs: b.u8("tie packet colour offset")?,
color_count: b.u8("tie packet colour count")?,
scissor_ofs: b.u8("tie packet scissor offset")?,
scissor_size: b.u8("tie packet scissor size")?,
strip_count: b.u8("tie packet strip count")?,
strip_vertex_count: b.u8("tie packet strip vertex count")?,
})
}
/// The twelve bytes after the pointer, verbatim.
///
/// The comparison against the running game checks these are copied
/// unchanged, so they are worth having as one value rather than a
/// field-by-field walk.
pub fn trailing_bytes(&self) -> [u8; 12] {
[
self.shader_count,
self.bfc_distance,
self.control_count,
self.control_size,
self.vert_ofs,
self.vert_size,
self.color_ofs,
self.color_count,
self.scissor_ofs,
self.scissor_size,
self.strip_count,
self.strip_vertex_count,
]
}
/// True when every invariant that holds on **every** record measured holds.
///
/// `bfc_distance == 5 * shader_count` is R&C1's documented rule for this
/// field and it holds on all 15,219 records of all 2,177 blocks on all 27
/// levels; that is what identifies the record as this struct rather than a
/// resemblance. The three orderings are also universal.
///
/// Relations that hold on most records but not all are deliberately *not*
/// here -- a check that fails on a real record is worse than no check --
/// and the disc test counts them instead. `color_ofs == vert_size` is the
/// largest of those: 12,640 of 15,219.
pub fn invariants_hold(&self) -> bool {
self.bfc_distance == 5 * self.shader_count
&& self.vert_ofs <= self.vert_size
&& self.scissor_size <= self.scissor_ofs
&& self.control_size <= self.control_count
}
/// Quadwords of packet data: `vert_ofs + vert_size + scissor_size`.
///
/// Holds on **12,927 of 12,927** record pairs whose `strip_count` is zero,
/// and on **0 of 115** whose it is not -- the partition is exact, so the
/// formula is safe to use when `strip_count == 0` and knows nothing
/// otherwise. R&C1's `strip_count` is the strip count, and strips are
/// variable-length data, so a non-zero count most likely adds a record
/// count's worth of per-strip bytes this cannot see.
pub fn packet_quadwords(&self) -> usize {
self.vert_ofs as usize + self.vert_size as usize + self.scissor_size as usize
}
/// Whether [`Self::packet_quadwords`] is known to describe this record.
///
/// `strip_count == 0` on every record the formula has been verified on;
/// the 115 records where it is not decode to a fourth term of 0..19
/// quadwords that is not `strip_count` and is not established.
pub fn packet_quadwords_are_known(&self) -> bool {
self.strip_count == 0
}
}
/// Byte that terminates a tie LOD block's payload.
pub const TIE_BLOCK_TERMINATOR: u8 = 0xf6;
/// Bytes in one tie block record.
pub const TIE_RECORD_SIZE: usize = 0x10;
/// A tie LOD block: its header, its payload, and the zero padding that follows
/// the terminator.
///
/// **The blocks are self-delimiting.** Each ends with [`TIE_BLOCK_TERMINATOR`]
/// followed by zeros, on **2,177 of 2,177** blocks across all 27 levels. That is
/// what makes them parseable without trusting `packets[1]` to bound the block,
/// which it only does on 461 of 1,864 classes.
///
/// The terminator is not a coincidence of byte frequency: `0xf6` occurs at 0.83x
/// the uniform rate in payloads, i.e. slightly *less* often than chance, while
/// the last non-zero byte is `0xf6` on 909 of 922 blocks in the first subset
/// tested against **17 of 922** for the same blocks cut at a random point.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub struct TieBlock<'a> {
/// The 16-byte header.
pub header: TieBlockHeader,
/// Bytes from `0x10` up to and including the terminator.
///
/// **This is short.** The `0xf6` the walk stops at lies inside the last
/// packet's data, an even 2 to 16 bytes before that packet's computed end,
/// so the block's real extent runs past it. `tie_block_payload_divides_
/// into_contiguous_packets` measures this; finding a terminator packet
/// data cannot imitate is its own task.
pub payload: &'a [u8],
/// Zero bytes between the terminator and the next block.
pub padding: &'a [u8],
}
/// Walk `region` from `offset` to the first `0xf6` that is followed by a zero,
/// and return the block there.
///
/// Returns `None` if no terminator is found before the end of the region.
pub fn parse_tie_block(region: &[u8], offset: usize) -> Option<TieBlock<'_>> {
if offset.checked_add(TIE_BLOCK_HEADER_SIZE)? > region.len() {
return None;
}
let header = TieBlockHeader::parse(&region[offset..]).ok()?;
let start = offset + TIE_BLOCK_HEADER_SIZE;
let mut i = start;
while i + 1 < region.len() {
if region[i] == TIE_BLOCK_TERMINATOR && region[i + 1] == 0 {
let after = i + 1;
let mut e = after;
while e < region.len() && region[e] == 0 {
e += 1;
}
return Some(TieBlock {
header,
payload: &region[start..after],
padding: &region[after..e],
});
}
i += 1;
}
None
}
/// A tie class resolved through both of its indirections.
///
/// The chain is two steps and both are easy to get wrong, so it is worth
/// stating plainly:
///
/// 1. The class **table** lives in the level's `core_index.bin`, not in
/// `core_data.bin`. On level 0 the tables chain as moby at `192`,
/// 238 x 32 bytes later tie at `7808`, 74 x 32 later shrub at `10176`,
/// which closes. Reading the same table out of `core_data.bin` yields
/// plausible-looking garbage rather than an error.
/// 2. [`ClassEntry::offset_in_asset_wad`] addresses `core_data.bin`, despite the
/// field's name and despite `core_data.wad` existing alongside it.
///
/// With both handled, all **1,864** tie classes on the disc resolve to a header
/// whose `o_class` matches the class entry's own.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
pub struct ResolvedTieClass {
/// The index entry this came from.
pub entry: ClassEntry,
/// Its index within the level's tie table.
pub index: usize,
/// The class header, at `offset_in_asset_wad` in `core_data`.
pub header: TieClassHeader,
}
/// Resolve one tie class. `class_index` counts from zero.
///
/// `core_index` is the level's `core_index.bin`; `core_data` is the
/// decompressed `core_data.bin`. Both are bounds-checked.
pub fn resolve_tie_class(
core_index: &[u8],
core_data: &[u8],
classes: crate::level_core::ArrayRange,
class_index: usize,
) -> Result<ResolvedTieClass> {
const ENTRY: usize = 32;
let start = classes.offset as usize + class_index * ENTRY;
if classes.offset < 0 || start.checked_add(ENTRY).is_none() || start + ENTRY > core_index.len()
{
return Err(Error {
offset: start,
context: "tie class table entry",
kind: ErrorKind::OutOfBounds {
needed: ENTRY,
available: core_index.len().saturating_sub(start),
},
});
}
if class_index >= classes.count as usize {
return Err(Error {
offset: start,
context: "tie class index",
kind: ErrorKind::Invalid("class index past the table count"),
});
}
let entry = ClassEntry::parse(&core_index[start..start + ENTRY])?;
let base = entry.offset_in_asset_wad as usize;
if base < TIE_CLASS_HEADER_MATCHED || base + TIE_CLASS_HEADER_MATCHED > core_data.len() {
return Err(Error {
offset: base,
context: "tie class header",
kind: ErrorKind::OutOfBounds {
needed: TIE_CLASS_HEADER_MATCHED,
available: core_data.len().saturating_sub(base),
},
});
}
let header = TieClassHeader::parse(&core_data[base..base + TIE_CLASS_HEADER_MATCHED])?;
Ok(ResolvedTieClass {
entry,
index: class_index,
header,
})
}
#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
use super::*;
/// A header as measured on level 0's first tie class.
fn header() -> Vec<u8> {
let mut v = vec![0u8; TIE_CLASS_HEADER_MATCHED];
for (i, x) in [256i32, 20_592, 26_048].iter().enumerate() {
v[i * 4..i * 4 + 4].copy_from_slice(&x.to_le_bytes());
}
for (i, x) in [12.0f32, 25.0, 40.0].iter().enumerate() {
let o = 0x10 + i * 4;
v[o..o + 4].copy_from_slice(&x.to_le_bytes());
}
v[0x44..0x48].copy_from_slice(&2592i32.to_le_bytes());
v
}
#[test]
fn parses_the_measured_prefix() {
let h = TieClassHeader::parse(&header()).unwrap();
assert_eq!(h.packets, [256, 20_592, 26_048]);
assert_eq!(h.near_dist, 12.0);
assert_eq!(h.mid_dist, 25.0);
assert_eq!(h.far_dist, 40.0);
assert_eq!(h.o_class, 2592);
}
#[test]
fn a_short_header_is_an_error_not_a_panic() {
assert!(TieClassHeader::parse(&[0u8; 0x20]).is_err());
assert!(TieClassHeader::parse(&[]).is_err());
}
#[test]
fn lod_bands_follow_the_three_distances() {
let h = TieClassHeader::parse(&header()).unwrap();
assert_eq!(h.lod_for_depth(5.0), Some(0));
assert_eq!(h.lod_for_depth(20.0), Some(1));
assert_eq!(h.lod_for_depth(30.0), Some(2));
assert_eq!(h.lod_for_depth(50.0), None);
}
/// A block whose data offset names a four-record table, the first of
/// which is the header itself.
fn block() -> Vec<u8> {
let mut v = Vec::new();
// data_offset 0x40 -- four records -- reserved 0, packed, then the
// remaining fields.
v.extend_from_slice(&0x40u16.to_le_bytes());
v.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
v.extend_from_slice(&0x0501u16.to_le_bytes());
v.extend_from_slice(&0x1234u16.to_le_bytes());
v.extend_from_slice(&0x5678u16.to_le_bytes());
v.extend_from_slice(&0x9abcu16.to_le_bytes());
v.extend_from_slice(&0x0442u16.to_le_bytes());
v.extend_from_slice(&0u16.to_le_bytes());
assert_eq!(v.len(), TIE_BLOCK_HEADER_SIZE);
// Three packet headers, each a data pointer and R&C1's byte fields.
for k in 0..3u32 {
v.extend_from_slice(&(0x40 + k * 0x20).to_le_bytes());
v.extend_from_slice(&[
1, 5, // shader_count, bfc_distance = 5 * shader_count
7, 2, // control_count, control_size
4, 0x20, // vert_ofs, vert_size
0x20, 0, // color_ofs (= vert_size), color_count
0x30, 0x20, // scissor_ofs, scissor_size
0, 0, // strip_count, strip_vertex_count
]);
}
v.extend_from_slice(&[0xa5u8; 8]);
v
}
#[test]
fn the_data_offset_bounds_the_record_table() {
let b = block();
let h = TieBlockHeader::parse(&b).unwrap();
assert!(h.invariants_hold());
assert_eq!(h.record_count(), 4);
let records: Vec<_> = h.records(&b).collect();
assert_eq!(records.len(), 4);
// The first record is the header itself, pointing at the payload.
let first = TieRecord::parse(records[0]).unwrap();
assert_eq!(first.pointer, 0x40);
// The fields follow R&C1's packet-header byte layout.
let second = TieRecord::parse(records[1]).unwrap();
assert_eq!(second.shader_count, 1);
assert_eq!(second.bfc_distance, 5);
assert!(second.invariants_hold());
}
#[test]
fn a_table_running_past_the_block_yields_nothing() {
let mut b = block();
// Claim a table far longer than the block.
b[0..2].copy_from_slice(&0x400u16.to_le_bytes());
let h = TieBlockHeader::parse(&b).unwrap();
assert_eq!(h.record_count(), 0x40);
assert_eq!(h.records(&b).count(), 0, "must not slice past the block");
// A 0x400 offset is still a multiple of 16, so the invariant holds even
// though the table cannot exist.
assert!(h.invariants_hold());
}
}